in 2006–2007, (2) bees sequentially sampled as the disorder progressed in an observation hive colony in 2008, and (3) bees from a recurrence of CCD in Florida in 2009. Co-occurrence of these microbes consistently marked CCD in (1) bees from commercial apiaries sampled across the U.S. In addition, bees in failing colonies contained not only IIV, but also Nosema. Prevalence of IIV significantly discriminated among strong, failing, and collapsed colonies. MSP revealed two unreported RNA viruses in North American honey bees, Varroa destructor-1 virus and Kakugo virus, and identified an invertebrate iridescent virus (IIV) ( Iridoviridae) associated with CCD colonies. We used Mass spectrometry-based proteomics (MSP) to identify and quantify thousands of proteins from healthy and collapsing bee colonies.
